Number systems and Boolean algebra

Logic gates and truth tables

Combinational vs. Sequential logic

Basic circuits: adders, multiplexers, flip-flops

Introduction to MOSFETs (NMOS & PMOS)

CMOS inverter characteristics

CMOS logic gate design (NAND, NOR, etc.)

Power dissipation and delay

HDL overview and applications

Verilog/VHDL syntax and data types

Modules, ports, and assignments

Writing simple combinational logic

Flip-flops and latches in HDL

Finite State Machines (FSMs)

Writing and simulating counters, registers

Testbenches for sequential designs

Register Transfer Level (RTL) modeling

Behavioral vs Structural design

Simulation using tools (e.g., ModelSim)

Debugging and waveform analysis

From RTL to gates: Logic synthesis

Setup and hold times, critical path

Timing analysis basics

Area vs speed vs power trade-offs

Introduction to FPGA structure

Differences between ASIC and FPGA

Toolchain overview (Vivado, Quartus)

Simple design implementation on FPGA

ASIC design flow overview

Floorplanning, placement, routing (basics)

Standard cell libraries

Fabrication process overview

Major project (e.g., 4-bit ALU, traffic controller)

Design, simulate, and synthesize

Project report preparation

Feedback and internship completion